Dopamine (DA) is a well established modulator of prefrontal cortex (PFC) function, yet the cellular mechanisms by which DA exerts its effects in this region are controversial. A major point of contention is the consequence of D₁ DA receptor activation. Several studies have argued that D₁ receptors enhance the excitability of PFC pyramidal neurons by augmenting voltage-dependent Na⁺ currents, particularly persistent Na⁺ currents. However, this conjecture is based on indirect evidence. To provide a direct test of this hypothesis, we combined voltage-clamp studies of acutely isolated layer V–VI prefrontal pyramidal neurons with single-cell RT-PCR profiling. Contrary to prediction, the activation of D₁ or D₅ DA receptors consistently suppressed rapidly inactivating Na⁺ currents in identified corticostriatal pyramidal neurons. This modulation was attenuated by a D₁/D₅ receptor antagonist, mimicked by a cAMP analog, and blocked by a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor. In the same cells the persistent component of the Na⁺current was unaffected by D₁/D₅ receptor activation—suggesting that rapidly inactivating and persistent Na⁺ currents arise in part from different channels. Single-cell RT-PCR profiling showed that pyramidal neurons coexpressed three α-subunit mRNAs (Nav1.1, 1.2, and 1.6) that code for the Na⁺ channel pore. In neurons from Nav1.6 null mice the persistent Na⁺ currents were significantly smaller than in wild-type neurons. Moreover, the residual persistent currents in these mutant neurons—which are attributable to Nav1.1/1.2 channels—were reduced significantly by PKA activation. These results argue that D₁/D₅ DA receptor activation reduces the rapidly inactivating component of Na⁺ current in PFC pyramidal neurons arising from Nav1.1/1.2 Na⁺ channels but does not modulate effectively the persistent component of the Na⁺current that is attributable to Nav1.6 Na⁺channels.