Abbreviations: 5-HT, serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptomine; α-1, alpha-1; α-2, alpha-2; α-MSH, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone; β-1, Beta-1; ATP, adenosine 51-triphosphate; CCK, cholecystokinin; CNS, central nervous system; CRH, corticotrophin-releasing hormone; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; COS, African green monkey kidney cell-line; GLP-1, glucagon-likepeptide-1; glu, glutamine; GRP, gastric-releasing peptide; HPA, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal; IAPP, islet associated amyloid peptide; ICV, intracerebroventricular; IRS, insulin receptor substrate; ISF, interstitial fluid; JAK, Janus kinase; Km, Michaelis-Mentor constant; LH, luteinizing; lys, lysine; MC, melanocortin; MCH, melanin-concentrating hormone; mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid; NPY, neuropeptide-Y; POMC, pro-opiomelanocortin; pro, proline; PVN, paraventricular; SNS, sympathetic nervous system; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; UCP, uncoupling protein; VMH, ventromedial hypothalamus.