Nephrolithiasis, with a lifetime incidence of up to 13%(1–9), results in significant morbidity as
well as substantial economic costs, not only directly from medical treatment but also
indirectly through time lost from work. Approximately 70% of kidney stones are composed of
calcium, generally combined with oxalate and/or phosphate (1, 7). Hypercalciuria is the most
consistent metabolic abnormality found in patients with calcium nephrolithiasis (1–10).
Indeed, idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH), excess calcium excretion with no identifiable …