Peripheral neuropathy is a common and debilitating complication of diabetes. In animal models, neurotrophic factors can prevent progression of the neuropathy, but adverse effects prevent systemic administration in adequate doses to treat human disease. We examined whether gene transfer with replication-defective genomic herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors modified to express nerve growth factor (NGF) could be used to prevent progression of neuropathy in mice. Diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ) resulted in a sensory neuropathy manifest by a decrease in the foot sensory nerve amplitude (FSA; control = 20 ± 0.1 μV, treated = 14 ± 0.1 μV). Transduction of dorsal root ganglia in vivo with an HSV-based vector expressing NGF under the control of the human cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter (vector SHN) or the HSV latency active promoter 2 (vector SLN) by footpad inoculation 2 weeks after STZ administration protected against the decrease in FSA (22 ± 1.4 μV and 21 ± 1.7 μV, respectively) measured 4 weeks later. Injection of SHN into inguinal adipose tissue 2 weeks after onset of diabetes also prevented the decrease in FSA (20 ± 3.3 μV). These results suggest that gene transfer with an NGF-producing herpes-based vector may prove useful in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.