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Armin Schneider, Carola Krüger, Tobias Steigleder, Daniela Weber, Claudia Pitzer, Rico Laage, Jaroslaw Aronowski, Martin H. Maurer, Nikolaus Gassler, Walter Mier, Martin Hasselblatt, Rainer Kollmar, Stefan Schwab, Clemens Sommer, Alfred Bach, Hans-Georg Kuhn, Wolf-Rüdiger Schäbitz
J Clin Invest. 2005;
115(8):2083
doi:10.1172/JCI23559
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G
-CSF is a potent hematopoietic factor that enhances survival and drives differentiation of myeloid lineage cells, resulting in the generation of neutrophilic granulocytes. Here, we show that G-CSF passes the intact blood-brain barrier and reduces infarct volume in 2 different rat models of acute stroke. G-CSF displays strong antiapoptotic activity in mature neurons and activates multiple cell survival pathways. Both G-CSF and its receptor are widely expressed by neurons in the CNS, and their expression is induced by ischemia, which suggests an autocrine protective signaling mechanism. Surprisingly, the G-CSF receptor was also expressed by adult neural stem cells, and G-CSF induced neuronal differentiation in vitro. G-CSF markedly improved long-term behavioral outcome after cortical ischemia, while stimulating neural progenitor response in vivo, providing a link to functional recovery. Thus, G-CSF is an endogenous ligand in the CNS that has a dual activity beneficial both in counteracting acute neuronal degeneration and contributing to long-term plasticity after cerebral ischemia. We therefore propose G-CSF as a potential new drug for stroke and neurodegenerative diseases.
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