(A) Comparison of transcriptional profiles in peripheral blood induced by SIV infection was conducted in 5 SMs infected with SIVsmm to represent a nonpathogenic infection; 4 RMs inoculated with SIVsmm to compare infection of a nonnatural host with an isogenic virus; and 8 RMs infected with SIVmac239 to represent a classical, pathogenic infection. Arrows indicate SIV infection, vertical lines indicate RNA sampling time points, and crosses indicate LN biopsy time points. SIVsmm-infected SMs (blue line) and RMs (black line) were sampled at days –5, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 30 (preinfection and acute) and 180 (chronic) after infection; SIVmac239-infected RMs (red line) were sampled at days –35, 9, 14, and 31 (preinfection and acute) and days 184–224 (chronic) after infection and were treated with ART and OKT8F mAb after day 50 after infection (see text and Methods for details), as indicated by the dashed line. During the chronic phase of infection in the SIVmac239 group, samples were collected at least 30 days after the last in vivo manipulation (i.e., ART and CD8⁺ lymphocyte depletion). (B) Longitudinal assessment of plasma viral load (RNA copies/ml plasma) in SMs (n = 5) and RMs (n = 4) infected with SIVsmm and RMs (n = 8) infected with SIVmac239. (C) Longitudinal analysis of the absolute numbers of CD3⁺CD4⁺ T lymphocytes per ml in peripheral blood, determined by flow cytometry. In B and C, the x axis shows time after SIV infection, and error bars indicate SEM.