Leptin inhibits 4-aminopyridine– and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures and AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission in rodents
J. Clin. Invest. Lin Xu, et al. 118:272 doi:10.1172/JCI33009 [Go to this article.]

Figure 1
Leptin inhibits in vivo focal neocortical seizures in rats induced by 4AP injections into the left motor cortex. (A) Top trace: 15-minute EEG segment recorded from the frontal area ipsilateral to the injection site 45 minutes after the injection of 12.5 nmol 4AP. Asterisks indicate 4 individual seizures. Bottom trace: a 1-minute seizure at an expanded time base to illustrate the electrographic details of the seizure (underlined). (B) Top trace: 15-minute EEG segment recorded 45 minutes after the injection of 12.5 nmol 4AP plus 39 pmol leptin shows 2 shorter, lower-amplitude seizures (asterisks). Bottom trace: a 10-second seizure shown at an expanded time base (underlined). Note the different time calibration compared with A. (C) Location of the burr hole, injection site, and EEG electrodes relative to standard landmarks. (D) Leptin reduced the frequency and duration of 4AP-induced seizures. Seizure frequency (left) and duration (right) in rats injected with 12.5 nmol 4AP alone (white bars; n = 5) or 12.5 nmol plus 39 pmol leptin (black bars; n = 5). Seizure frequency and duration for each rat were determined from the 60 minutes of EEG recordings collected between 30 and 90 minutes after 4AP injection. *P < 0.02 for frequency vs. 4AP alone and *P < 0.001 for duration vs. 4AP alone (unpaired t test).