Ablation of GalNAc-4-sulfotransferase-1 enhances reproduction by altering the carbohydrate structures of luteinizing hormone in mice
J. Clin. Invest. Yiling Mi, et al. 118:1815 doi:10.1172/JCI32467 [Go to this article.]

Figure 6
GalNAc-4-ST1^–/– female mice display alterations in their estrus cycle and postnatal maturation. Stages of the estrus cycle were determined for WT and GalNAc-4-ST1^–/– mice by daily vaginal lavage for 19 consecutive days. (A) Examples of estrus cycles in WT and GalNAc-4-ST1^–/– mice. P, proestrus; E, estrus; D1, diestrus1; D2, diestrus 2. (B) The number of cycles observed over 19 days was lower in 12 KO mice as compared with 9 WT mice; ***P < 0.0001. (C) Two groups of 15 WT and 15 GalNAc-4-ST1^–/– female mice were examined daily beginning on postnatal day 25 for opening of the vagina, an indicator of having attained sexual maturity. The cumulative number of mice that attained maturity for each postnatal day is shown. WT mice, gray bars; KO mice, black bars.