Heparan sulfate and syndecan-1 are essential in maintaining murine and human intestinal epithelial barrier function
J. Clin. Invest. Lars Bode, et al. 118:229 doi:10.1172/JCI32335 [Go to this article.]

Figure 3
Sdc1^–/– mice are more susceptible to cytokine-induced intestinal protein leakage. (A and B) Intestinal protein leakage (⁵¹Cr) in Sdc1^+/+ and Sdc1^–/– mice in response to single (A) or multiple (B) i.v. injections of TNF-α (arrows) at 0.1 or 0.25 mg/kg. Line without symbols in A represents predicted leakage in Sdc1^–/– mice if effects of Sdc1 loss and TNF-α exposure were additive. (C) Intestinal protein leakage (AAT or ⁵¹Cr) in Sdc1^+/+ and Sdc1^–/– mice 48 h after exposure to TNF-α (i.v. 0.1 mg/kg), IFN-γ (i.v. 0.2 mg/kg), or a combination of both, relative to basal leakage in Sdc1^+/+ mice. Dashed lines represent predicted leakage in Sdc1^–/– if effects of Sdc1 loss, TNF-α, and/or IFN-γ were additive. (D) FACS analysis (median fluorescent activity ± SD) of TNFR1 expression in SGLT1-positive IEC from Sdc1^+/+ or Sdc1^–/– mice in response to IFN-γ exposure relative to basal expression in Sdc1^+/+ (which was set at 1.0; data not shown) mice. All data represent assessment in a minimum of n = 3 mice. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.