T cell activation altersintestinal structure and function
J. Clin. Invest. Michael Field, et al. 116:2580 doi:10.1172/JCI29985 [Go to this article.]

Figure 1
Influence of anti-CD3 or TNF on murine jejunal Na⁺ absorption, paracellular permeability, and fluid homeostasis. Upon comparison with normal intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis (A), Clayburgh et al. (5) observed the following changes after injection into the jejunum of anti-CD3 or TNF: endocytosis of NHE3, Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger, member 3 (NHE3) with a resulting decrease in Na⁺ absorption; increased paracellular permeability to protein, smaller solutes, and water; and a shift from fluid absorption to fluid secretion (B). Also suggested are endocytosis of sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) with resulting decreases in sugar and Na⁺ absorption (3), increased vascular permeability (15, 16), and increased smooth muscle contractility (2), the latter effects increasing subepithelial hydrostatic pressure, providing a driving force for fluid secretion. G, glucose.