Insulin resistance and pancreatic β cell failure
J. Clin. Invest. Masato Kasuga, et al. 116:1756 doi:10.1172/JCI29189 [Go to this article.]

Figure 2
Insulin signaling in cells. Insulin elicits its effects by binding to its specific receptor and activating its tyrosine kinase. The activated insulin receptor kinase phosphorylates the intracellular substrate IRS, which then binds various signaling molecules containing the SH2 domain. Among them, the Grb2-Sos complex and SHP-2 transmit mitogenic signals through the activation of Ras. In contrast, PI3K (class IA) transmits the major metabolic actions of insulin via downstream effectors such as phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) and Akt.