Abrogation of TGF-β signaling in T cells increases atherosclerosis and IFN-γ expression in age-matched mice. (a) Lesion size in the aortic root (× 10⁵ μm²) in 12-week-old mice. Individual values are displayed by dots, and medians for each group are indicated by horizontal lines. Representative micrographs showing hematoxylin/oil red-O–stained lesions in E⁰ × CD4dnTβRII (b) and E⁰ (c) mice. Original magnification ×50. (d) Lipid lesion area in the entire aorta (percentage of total aortic surface area); dot plots as above. Sudan IV–stained en face preparations of aortas from E⁰ × CD4dnTβRII (e) and E⁰ (f) mice. (g) IFN-γ mRNA levels in lesions of E⁰ × CD4dnTβRII and E⁰ mice. Data are expressed as arbitrary units as described in Methods; dot plots as above.